What is Logotherapy?

Walking Figure in the Ravine at Krokkleiva, on the way to Christiania, Painting by Eduard von Buchan, 1833

Logotherapy, developed by Viktor Frankl, is a form of existential analysis that focuses on finding meaning in life as the primary driving force behind human behaviour. Unlike traditional psychoanalysis, which usually explores past experiences and unconscious desires, logotherapy emphasizes the importance of identifying a purpose in life to overcome suffering and achieve fulfillment. Frankl developed this approach based on his observations of how individuals who held onto a sense of purpose were more resilient in the face of unimaginable suffering. His work also outlines the core principles of logotherapy and demonstrates how finding meaning can help individuals navigate even the most challenging circumstances.

At the centre of logotherapy is the belief that life has meaning in all situations, even in times of pain or despair. Frankl proposed that individuals can discover meaning through three main avenues: by creating or accomplishing something, by experiencing relationships and love, and by adopting a positive attitude in the face of suffering. This focus on meaning helps individuals transcend difficulties by reframing their experiences and identifying a greater purpose. Logotherapy encourages patients to confront their "existential vacuum", or a sense of emptiness or meaninglessness, and guides them toward discovering their unique purpose.

Reverie, Painting by Winslow Homer, 1872

Logotherapy introduces techniques that help patients uncover and embrace their personal meaning. One such technique is dereflection, which shifts attention away from excessive self-focus or suffering and redirects it toward meaningful goals and relationships. Another method, paradoxical intention, involves encouraging patients to face their fears head-on, thereby reducing anxiety and breaking free from avoidance patterns. These strategies can help individuals to take control of their lives by creating a mindset of meaning-oriented action rather than only being symptom-focused.

This approach is especially effective in addressing existential distress, depression, anxiety, and feelings of emptiness, and resonates with individuals who may be struggling with questions of purpose, particularly during times of transition or crisis. As a result, it encourages patients to view suffering as an opportunity for growth and transformation.

Incorporating logotherapy into a psychodynamic framework allows therapists to address both unconscious conflicts and existential concerns, offering a holistic approach to healing. It can also help patients recognize that meaning can be found in every aspect of life, and can help them navigate their challenges with clarity. This blend of existential and psychodynamic approaches supports patients in uncovering their deepest values and aligning their lives with their authentic sense of purpose.